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The cultivation of Castanea sativa (Mill.) in Europe, from its origin to its diffusion on a continental scale

机译：欧洲板栗（Mill。）的栽培，从起源到在全球范围内的传播

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摘要

The history of Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut) cultivation since medieval times has been well described on the basis of the very rich documentation available. Far fewer attempts have been made to give a historical synthesis of the events that led to the cultivation of sweet chestnut in much earlier times. In this article we attempt to reconstruct this part of the European history of chestnut cultivation and its early diffusion by use of different sources of information, such as pollen studies, archaeology, history and literature. Using this multidisciplinary approach, we have tried to identify the roles of the Greek and Roman civilizations in the dissemination of chestnut cultivation on a European scale. In particular, we show that use of the chestnut for food was not the primary driving force behind the introduction of the tree into Europe by the Romans. Apart from the Insubrian Region in the north of the Italian peninsula, no other centre of chestnut cultivation existed in Europe during the Roman period. The Romans may have introduced the idea of systematically cultivating and using chestnut. In certain cases they introduced the species itself; however no evidence of systematic planting of chestnut exists. The greatest interest in the management of chestnut for fruit production most probably developed after the Roman period and can be associated with the socio-economic structures of medieval times. It was then that self-sufficient cultures based on the cultivation of chestnut as a source of subsistence were formed.
机译：自中世纪以来，栗树（甜栗子）种植的历史已经在现有的非常丰富的文献的基础上得到了很好的描述。对事件的历史总结进行了很少的尝试，这些事件导致了更早的时期种植欧洲栗木。在本文中，我们试图通过使用不同的信息来源，例如花粉研究，考古学，历史和文献，来重建欧洲板栗种植历史及其早期传播的这一部分。使用这种多学科方法，我们试图确定希腊和罗马文明在欧洲范围内传播栗子栽培中的作用。特别是，我们证明了使用栗子作为食物并不是罗马人将树种引入欧洲的主要推动力。除了意大利半岛北部的Insubrian地区以外，在罗马时期，欧洲没有其他栗子种植中心。罗马人可能已经引入了系统地种植和使用栗子的想法。在某些情况下，他们介绍了物种本身。但是，没有证据表明有系统地种植栗子。对栗子进行水果生产管理的最大兴趣很可能是在罗马时期之后发展起来的，并且与中世纪的社会经济结构有关。那时便形成了以栗子为生的自给自足的文化。

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